PARALINGUISTIC ISSUES IN CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION: BODY LANGUAGE
Keywords:
Paralinguistics, body language, cross-cultural communication, gestures, non-verbal communication, intercultural misunderstanding.Abstract
This article examines the role of body language in cross-cultural
communication, focusing on paralinguistic features such as gestures, posture, facial
expressions, eye contact, and proxemics. The study highlights how differences in non
verbal behavior can lead to misunderstanding between cultures and emphasizes the
importance of cultural awareness for successful intercultural communication. The findings
indicate that body language varies significantly across cultures and must be interpreted
within its cultural context to avoid miscommunication.
References
Argyle, M., & Cook, M. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. Cambridge University Press. 1976.
Burgoon, J. K., Guerrero, L. K., & Floyd, K. Nonverbal Communication. Routledge. 2010.
Ekman, P. Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48(4), 384–392. 1993.
Gudykunst, W. B. . Bridging Differences: Effective Intergroup Communication. Sage
Publications. 2004.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to
Intercultural Communication. McGraw-Hill. 2003.
Hall, E. T. The Hidden Dimension. Doubleday. 1966.
Knapp, M. L., & Hall, J. A. Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. Wadsworth.
Matsumoto, D. Cultural influences on facial expressions. In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives
on Close Relationships (pp. 131-146). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1993.
Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. S.Culture and nonverbal behavior. In J. A. Hall (Ed.), The
Handbook of Communication Science. 2013.
Mehrabian, A. Nonverbal Communication. Aldine-Atherton. 1972.
Morris, D. Bodytalk: A World Guide to Gestures. Jonathan Cape. 1979.
Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., McDaniel, E. R., & Roy, C. S. 2015. Intercultural
Communication: A Reader. Cengage Learning. 2015.




